英語(yǔ)中, 通常是主語(yǔ)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的前面, 是“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu),這叫陳述語(yǔ)序,也稱為正常語(yǔ)序, 如果將謂語(yǔ)的全部或一部分放在主語(yǔ)之前, 就稱為倒裝語(yǔ)序。有的倒裝語(yǔ)序把整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前, 稱為完全倒裝,有的只是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一部分(通常是助動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,系動(dòng)詞be或謂語(yǔ)的一部分)放在主語(yǔ)之前, 稱為部分倒裝。復(fù)習(xí)中考生主要需要了解部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成形式。
部分倒裝
1.否定詞或具有(半)否定意義的詞語(yǔ)置于句首作為句首狀語(yǔ)時(shí),一般必須采用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序。具有否定或半否定意義的詞和詞組有:no(不,沒(méi)有) , never(從不, 決不), seldom(很少), little(很少的), few(很少的), rarely(很少地), hardly(幾乎不), never before(從不), no longer(不再), no more(不再), not until(直到...才), in no way(決不), in/under no circumstances(決不), in no case(決不), hardly...when(一...就...), scarcely...when/before(一...就...), no sooner...than(一...就...)等,如:
e.g. never before have i seen(看見(jiàn)) such a wonderful(奇妙的) park(公園).
e.g. no sooner had i gone out(出去) than it rained(下雨).我剛出去,就下雨了。
e.g. seldom have i met(遇見(jiàn)) him recently(最近). 最近我很少遇見(jiàn)他。
e.g. under no circumstances will we be the first(第一) to use nuclear weapons(核武器).
“only(僅僅) + 副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句”位于句首,即當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)由only修飾時(shí),需要采用部分倒裝, 如:
e.g. only in beijing have i seen(看見(jiàn)) so beautiful(美麗的) scenery(景色).
e.g. only if/when he is seriously ill(生病的) does he stay in bed.
由so(neither, nor)指代前面一句的內(nèi)容表示“也是(也不)”的意義時(shí),通常位于句首,并引起倒裝, 如:
e.g. tom can’t speak(說(shuō),講) french(法語(yǔ)). nor(neither) can jack.
e.g. he has finished(完成) his work, and so have i.
注:當(dāng)so 引出的句子是對(duì)上文的內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí),不用倒裝, 如:
e.g. “bill will win(贏得) the race(賽跑).”—so he will.
當(dāng)對(duì)as等引導(dǎo)的分句中的形容詞、分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),一般采取以下倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):形容詞/分詞/副詞/+as/ +主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)
e.g. strong as he is, he cannot lift(舉起) the big stone(石頭).
虛擬條件句中如果出現(xiàn)了were, had或should等詞,也引起部分倒裝,但如從句中沒(méi)有were, had或should,則不能這樣做。如:
e.g. should he come(來(lái)), tell him to ring me up(給某人打電話).
→ if he should come, tell him to ring me up.
e.g.had they not helped(幫助) us, our experiment(實(shí)驗(yàn)) would have failed(失敗).
→ if they had not helped, our experiment would have failed.
職稱英語(yǔ)考題中可能會(huì)對(duì)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行直接或間接地考察,如:
(選自2003年版職稱英語(yǔ)考試綜合類教材)
from why does food cost so high?
the farmers(農(nóng)民) have not been benefited (使。。。受益)very much. ___________.
a. nor have the middlemen(中間人).
b. to increase the prices for food.
c. that they cannot agree on(對(duì)...達(dá)成一致意見(jiàn)) the causes of the increase in prices.
d. to agree on the reasons for the increase.
e. by buying prepared food.
f. the popularization(普及) of convenience food.
空格處應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)一個(gè)完整的句子,因此只有選項(xiàng)a是答案(其他選項(xiàng)都不是獨(dú)立的句子)。選項(xiàng)a是一個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):與前句中的否定結(jié)構(gòu)形成呼應(yīng)的連詞nor(也不, 也沒(méi)有)出現(xiàn)在句首, 句中謂語(yǔ)提到主語(yǔ)的前面形成倒裝。 選項(xiàng)a說(shuō)“中間人也沒(méi)有(獲得很大利潤(rùn))”。